The Toxicological Effects of Cypermethrin Administration on the Liver, Kidney, Brain and Bone Marrow of Female Rats and the Possible Ameliorative Effects of the Methalonic Leaf Extract of Jat

TABLE OF CONTENTS Contentspages Cover pagei Declaration ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgementv Abstract vi Table of content List of Figures List of Plates List of Tables CHAPTER ONE Itroduction1 1.1Justification3 1.2Objectives4 1.3Aim CHAPTER TWO Literature Review 2.1Pesticide 2.1.1Uses of pesticides 2.1.2Types of Pesticides 2.1.3Cypermethrin 2.1.3.1Mechanism of Action of Cypermethrin 2.2Medicinal Plants/ Folk Medicine/ Tradomedicine 2.2.1Jatropha gossypifolia 2.2.2Scientific Classification of Jtropha gossypifolia 2.2.3Uses of Jatropha gossypifolia 2.2.3.1Non-Medical Uses of Jatropha gossypifolia 2.2.4Chemical Constituents of Jatropha gossypifolia 2.2.5Some Pharmacological Studies of Jatropha gossypifolia 2.2.5.1Insecticidal Activity of Jatropha gossypifolia
2.2.5.2Haemostatic actiyity of stem latex of Jatropha gossypifolia 2.2.5.3Hepatoprotective activity of Jatropha gossypifolia 2.2.5.4Anticoagulant activity of Jatropha gossypifolia 2.3Antioxidants 2.3.1Classification of Antioxidants 2.3.1.1Natural Antioxidant 2.3.1.2Synthetic antioxidants 2.3.2Types of Antioxidants 2.3.2.1Enzymatic Antioxidants 2.3.2.2Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants 2.3.2.5Side Effects and Toxicity oof Alpha-Lipoic Acid 2.4Haematology 2.5Blood 2.5.1Functions of Blood 2.5.2.Constituents or Components of Blood 2.6Blood Disorders 2.6.1Anaemia 2.6.2Bleeding Disorders 2.6.2.1Acquired platelet fuction defects  2.6.2.2Congenital Platelet Function Defect 2.6.2.3Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) 2.6.2.4Factor II Deficiency 2.6.2.5Factor V Deficiency 2.6.2.6Factor XII  2.6.2.7Glanzmann Disease 2.6.2.8Haemophilia A and Haemophilia B 2.6.3Blood and Cancers 2.6.3.1Leukemia 2.6.3.2Lymphoma 2.6.3.3Myeloma 2.7Test Carried out in Haematology Department 2.7.1Complete Blood Count 2.7.1.1Parameter 2.8Cytology 2.9The Female Rat Reproductive Cycle 2.9.1Staging the Cycle 2.9.1.1Diestrus 2.9.1.2Proestrus 2.9.1.3Estrus 2.9.2The Cycle in Aging Rats 2.9.2.1Persistent Estrus 2.9.2.2Repetitive Pseudopregnancy 2.9.2.3Persistent Anestrus
CHAPTER THREE 3.0Materials and Method 3.1Equipments and Reagents 3.2Plant material 3.2.1Methanolic Extraction of Jatropha gossypifolia 3.3Experimental Animals 3.4Experimental Design 3.4.1Body weight changes 3.4.2Sample Collection 3.5Hematology 3.5.1Packed Cell Volume 3.5.2Haemoglobin Estimation 3.5.3Leukocyte Estimation 3.5.4Erythrocyte Estimation 3.5.5Differential Count 3.6Cytology 3.7Statistical Analysis CHAPTER FOUR 4.0Results CHAPTER FIVE 5.0Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1Discussion 5.2Conclusion 5.3Recommendation References Appendix

ABSTRACTCypermethrin (Cyp), a synthetic pyrethroid developed for agricultural and public health applications has become harmful to the environment and mammalian life owing to indiscriminate uses. This study investigated the ameliorative effects of the methanolic leaf extract of Jatropha gossypifolia (JG) on cypermethrin-induced alterations on the haematological status and estrous cycle of female wistar rats. Eighty female wistar rats were divided into ten groups of eight animals each and subjected to various treatments: sixty days of cytology and thirty days of oral administration. Group 1 was given corn oil only. Group 2was administered with cypermethrin (20 mg/kg) only. Group 3, 4, 5 and 6 were co-administered with cyp+JG50 mg/kg, cyp+JG100 mg/kg, cyp+ALA50 mg/kg and cyp+VC50 mg/kg respectively. Group 7, 8, 9 and 10 were given only JG50 mg/kg, JG100 mg/kg, ALA50 mg/kg and VC50 mg/kg respectively. Vaginal smears were collected from each rats and viewed under a light microscope before and during the period of administration. The animals were sacrificed after the 28th day. The whole blood was collected and used for haematological analyses. Results obtained from this study showed that cypermethrin administration significantly (p