SYMBOLS AND IMAGES AS POETIC TECHNIQUES IN SOUTH AFRICAN POETRY, THE EXAMPLE OF DENNIS BRUTUS AND OSWALD MBUYISENI MTSHALI

ABSTRACT  This study examines the use of symbols and images as poetic techniques in South African poetic writing. The poems seek to address the issues of socio-political injustice, apartheid, oppression and man’s inhumanity to man in the society, a kind of counter – attacking the apartheid system of the  South African society, which allows for inequalities and abject  poverty of a section of the society while the other section thrives in affluence. At the end  we discover how Dennis Brutus and Oswald Mtshali expose the terrible state of affairs in South Africa through their revolutionary implantation of symbols and images.      TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page         i Certification         ii Dedication         iii Acknowledgement         iv Abstract          v Table of Contents        vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study      1 1.2 Biography of Dennis Brutus and Oswald Mtshali   4 1.3 Purpose of the Study       6 1.4 Justification of the Study      7 1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study     8  1.6 Methodology        8  End notes        9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Poetry as a Societal Outlook      11 2.2 The Sociological Approach      12 2.3 Apartheid in South African      15  End Notes         18   CHAPTER THREE:   (A) Symbols and Images as Poetic Techniques in the   Poem of Dennis Brutus “a Troubadour I Traverse”   19  End Notes        29  (B) Symbols and Images as Poetic Techniques in the   30 Poems of Oswald Mtshali End Notes        37 CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 4.1 Summary        38 4.2 Conclusion        40  Bibliography        42  Appendices         43   INTRODUCTION
 Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas, this literary device is used by poets to create a mental picture in the mind of readers, it is also used to widen their reasoning faculties see Northrop Frye  “Anatomy of criticism” (1957) describes four types of symbol i.e Symbol as an image, a metaphor, a sign and it representation of  an  idea, this work is based on the symbolic image on  Frye (1957) with reference to the sociological archetypes used by the selected poets.  An image is a mental representation of anything not actually presented to the senses but which appeal to our senses through words. Thus we often speak of “seeing” something in the “minds” “eye” some times we may run over a tune in our mind.  Writers of poetry always write with cryptic expressions to coach their themes, poetry is one of the most difficult genres of literature because of its use of symbols and other literary devices. The use of symbol makes poetry not easily accessible by readers, according to Sam Adewoye (1988):    Poetry constute a bazzar of fear confusion     for its reader especially students of poetry Culler however believes that poetry has a complex effect which are very difficult to explain” (1981:37). Culler believes poetry has some elements in it which makes it difficult and not easily accessible.  According to him, poetry is one of the most difficult genres of literature because of the use symbols images, the diction,  and other literary devices. Charles Bodunde (1999).   Poetry is a highly orderly artistic creations, a   cumulative verbal entity through which a poet    express a vision of life, hidden to the less imaginative   The statement above by Bodunde expresses the fact that a poet talks about things happening in life, in his environment and things happening in the globe hidden to the less imaginative, according to him a poet uses his poetry to express his own view of  what is happening in the society. Furthermore, the high artistic creation in the verbal entity is a pointer at symbolism in poetry.   Poetry is the spring that stirs the mind. It uses   the language that is highly imaginative which   explains the reason why it is not always    understood by everyone.  Jones meant  in the above statement that the use of diction, some literary devices and phonological elements makes use of highly imaginative languages, literary devices such as simile, metaphor, personification, imagery, allusion, symbolism among others in the poem and this literary elements make poetry a difficult course for students especially students of poetry and practical criticism. It is for this reason that our T.S. Eliot is of the view that: “Poetry is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality in their poems but they write from experience which they have had earlier in life, they visualize societal ills using symbols through their poems they profound solutions to the ills poets therefore do not write their poems to express their personality but poetry is on escape from personality with references to Eliot once again:   Poetry has not a personality to express, but a    particular medium, which is only a medium   and not a personality, in which impressions and   expressions combine on peculiar and unexpected    ways, impressions and expressions which quite a   negligible part in the man, the personality. (1981:144)  As explained earlier that poets do not express their personality in the poems but they write on visible things in the human society, happenings, either positive or negative and trying to profound solutions to the negative ones.  This research work tends to see how two South African writers Dennis Brutus and Oswald oppression, corruptions and apartheid through the use of literary devices like symbolism and imagery in their poems. Dennis Brutus is a patriotic poet, he is a poet that has the masses in mind, through his poems he teaches and continues his campaign against racism and racial discrimination in South Africa using majorly the media of symbol and images Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali also writes about a people, a life and a hostile society. He knows very well and has experienced. He writes subtly about survival and the sufferings of his people. These poets have something in common and that is the fact that they both make use of  local materials in their poems to portray their cultural background and to arrive at sociological theory of  literature. This theory will fully be discussed in our chapter two.