Sex estimation from the percutaneous lengths of the femur and the ulna in a Ghanaian population using discriminant function analysis

Sex estimation models form a vital part in Forensic human identification but they are usually population-specific. This study aimed to develop and test sex estimation models for a Ghanaian population using percutaneous lengths of the femur (FL) and ulna (UL). The study was cross-sectional from June to July 2020, involving 99 adults (male: 52, females: 47), aged between 19 and 31years. The lengths of the femur and ulna were measured using standard anthropometric techniques. All measurements were taken twice from the left side and then averaged. The sample was randomly divided into training (n=60) and holdout (n=39) samples before been analysed using discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross-population studies were performed to test the reliability of the models. Males had longer femur and ulna than females (p