EFFECT OF SHEA BUTTER (Vitellaria paradoxa) RICHDIET ON GENTAMICIN INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN RATS

Abstract 

The effect of Shea butter rich diet on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats was determined. Thirty (30) male and female albino rats grouped into 6 (normal, negative, positive, 10%, 20% and 30% Shea butter rich diet groups respectively) of 5 rats each were used for the study. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the Shea butter used for this study which revealed the presence of saponin, tannin, alkaloid, terpenoid, flavonoid, and reducing sugar, while coumarin was absent. Nephrotoxicity was induced in all the various groups apart from the normal control by daily intraperitoneal administration of 80mg/kg body weight of gentamicin for 7 days. The induced nephrotoxicity was marked by elevated levels of serum urea (15.90±0.17) and creatinine (129.23±0.46), serum sodium (153.67±1.45), potassium (15.07±0.18), chloride (115.07±0.15) and bicarbonate ions (27.05±0.13) in the negative (untreated) group compared to the normal group (5.23±0.12 urea and 90.03±0.15 creatinine, 133.00±1.15 Na, 5.20±0.15 K, 100.33±0.88 Cl and 20.20±0.15 HCO3 ions respectively). Significantly lower levels of serum urea (11.37±0.20 in 10%, 9.01±0.69 in 20% and 7.23±0.19 in the 30% Shea groups) and creatinine (120.13±0.72 in the 10%, 111.53±0.33 in the 20% and 103.17±0.18 in the 30% Shea groups respectively) were observed following treatment with Shea butter rich diet. Lower levels of serum sodium (146.77±0.91 in the 10%, 141.67±0.45 in the 20% and 137.83±0.17 in the 30% group), potassium (11.03±0.15 in 10%, 9.03±0.09 in 20% and 6.80±0.15 in 30%), chloride (113.00±1.15 in 10%, 109.33±0.68 in 20% and 104.77±0.19 in 30%) and bicarbonate ions (26.83±0.12 in 10%, 24.10± 0.12 in 20% and 23.40±0.26 in 30% Shea groups) were also observed across all Shea butter diet treated groups in a dose dependent manner compared to the negative control. From the result of the study, Shea butter rich diet is effective in ameliorating gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity.

Table of content Title page.iCertificationiiDedication..iiiAcknowledgement..ivAbstractv


CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION31.1 Background31.2 Statement of the problem41.3 Aim and Objectives5
CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW62.1 kidney62.2 Kidney Functions62.3 Kidney Diseases72.3.1 Acute Kidney Disease72.3.2 Chronic Kidney Disease72.4. Causes of Kidney Disease92.4.3 Glomerulonephritis102.4.4 Inherited & Congenital Disorders such as Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)102.4.5 Autoimmune Diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Lupus)112.4.6 Nephrotoxic Agents112.5 Markers of Renal Function Test112.5.1 Creatinine122.5.2 Urea122.5.3 Electrolyte122.6 Gentamicin132.6.1 Mechanism of Action of Gentamicin132.7 Furosemide142.9 Ecology of Shea Tree162.10 Chemical Composition of Shea Butter172.11 The Effect and Uses of Shea and Shea Products18
CHAPTER THREE3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD223.1 MATERIALS223.1.1 Equipment223.1.2 Chemicals223.1.3 Reagents223.1.5 Plant material223.2 METHODOLOGY233.2.1 Animal maintenance233.2.2 Formulation of shea butter rich diet233.2.3 Induction of Nephrotoxicity233.2.4 Preparation of oil extract233.3 Phytochemical Screening of Shea butter243.3.1 Test for alkaloids243.3.2 Test for saponins243.3.3 Test for reducing sugars243.3.4 Test for flavonoids243.3.5 Test for Tanins243.3.6 Test for terpenoids253.3.7 Test for coumarins253.3 Experimental Design273.4 Biochemical Assay/Analysis273.4.1 Estimation of Creatinine283.4.2 Estimation of Urea293.4.4 Determination of Chloride Ion313.5 Statistical analysis31
CHAPTER FOUR4.0 RESULT32
CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION375.1 CONCLUSION.405.2 RECOMMENDATION40REFERENCES...................40