EARTHQUAKE MONITORING AND SENSING IN NIGERIA
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ABSTRACT This study reviews earthquake monitoring and sensing in Nigeria. The techniques used to monitor earthquakes include seismic, Global position system (GPS) and remote sensing methods. For now there is no scientific method of predicting earthquakes, but seismologists depend on the anomalous animal behaviour, radon emissions, trends, creep fault, drop/rise in the water level and anomalous plant behaviour for earthquake prediction. The study also revealed that Nigeria is not seismically free from earthquakes as people believed since minor tremors occurred in the past. Hence there is a possibility of major earthquake in the future.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- v
TABLE OF CONTENTS -- -- -- -- -- -- vi
LIST OF TABLES -- -- -- -- -- -- -- viii
LISTOF FIGURE -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ix
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1.2 Global Seismicity -- -- -- -- -- 4 1.3 Geological /Tectonic Setting of Nigeria -- -- 11 1.4 Aims and Objective of the Study -- -- -- 13 1.5 Significance of the Study - -- -- -- 14 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Earthquake in Nigeria -- -- -- -- -- 16 2.2 Probable Causes of Nigeria earthquake Tremors 22 2.2.1 Regional Stress -- -- -- -- -- -- 23 2.2.2 Zones of Weakness -- -- -- -- -- 24 2.2.3 Stress transfer from Plate Boundaries -- -- 26 2.3 Theory of Seismic Waves -- -- -- -- 27 2.4 Types of Seismic Waves -- -- -- -- 27 2.4.1 Body waves -- -- -- -- -- -- 27 2.4.2 Surface Waves -- -- -- -- -- -- 30 2.5 Source of generation of seismic waves -- -- 32 2.6 Earthquake Intensity -- -- -- -- -- 34 2.6.1 The Rossi –Forel Scale -- -- -- -- -- 34 2.6.2 Mercalli Scale -- -- -- -- -- -- 37 2.6.3Modified Mercalli Scale -- -- -- -- -- 39 2.6.4 Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik Scale -- -- -- 40 2.6.5 European Macroseismic Scale -- -- -- 41 2.7 Earthquake Damage -- -- -- -- -- 44 2.8 Types of Earthquake Magnitude -- -- -- 50
CHAPTER THREE MATERIAL AND METHOD 3.1 Instrumentation -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.2 Earthquake Monitoring network in Nigeria -- 57 3.3 Monitoring Techniques -- -- -- -- 59 3.3.1 Seismic Method -- -- -- -- -- -- 60 3.3.1.1Seismic Reflection -- -- -- -- -- 60 3.3.2 Global positioning System (GPS) Method -- 61 3.3.3 Remote Sensing Method -- -- -- -- 63
CHAPTER FOUR EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION 4.1 Earthquake Prediction -- -- -- -- -- 65 4.2. Anomalous Animal Behavior -- -- -- -- 67 4.2.1 Radon Emissions -- -- -- -- -- -- 71 4.2.2 Trends -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 72 4.3. How Creep Fault can be used to Predict Earthquake 74 4.4. Drop/Rise in the Water level of a well and Earthquake Prediction -- -- -- 76 4.5. Abnormal Plant Behavior -- -- -- -- 78
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1. Summary -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 79 5.2. Conclusion -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 81 5.3. Recommendations -- -- -- -- -- 82 Reference LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Showing Earth Tremors in Nigeria. -- -- 18 Table 2. List of historical earthquake that occurred and tremors that were felt in Nigeria -- -- Tables 3. Shows Modified Mercalli scale intensities that are typically observed a location near the epicenter of the earthquake. -- 40 Table 4. Violent earthquakes often cause the structures to collapse, burying people underneath. -- 46
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- v
TABLE OF CONTENTS -- -- -- -- -- -- vi
LIST OF TABLES -- -- -- -- -- -- -- viii
LISTOF FIGURE -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ix
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1.2 Global Seismicity -- -- -- -- -- 4 1.3 Geological /Tectonic Setting of Nigeria -- -- 11 1.4 Aims and Objective of the Study -- -- -- 13 1.5 Significance of the Study - -- -- -- 14 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Earthquake in Nigeria -- -- -- -- -- 16 2.2 Probable Causes of Nigeria earthquake Tremors 22 2.2.1 Regional Stress -- -- -- -- -- -- 23 2.2.2 Zones of Weakness -- -- -- -- -- 24 2.2.3 Stress transfer from Plate Boundaries -- -- 26 2.3 Theory of Seismic Waves -- -- -- -- 27 2.4 Types of Seismic Waves -- -- -- -- 27 2.4.1 Body waves -- -- -- -- -- -- 27 2.4.2 Surface Waves -- -- -- -- -- -- 30 2.5 Source of generation of seismic waves -- -- 32 2.6 Earthquake Intensity -- -- -- -- -- 34 2.6.1 The Rossi –Forel Scale -- -- -- -- -- 34 2.6.2 Mercalli Scale -- -- -- -- -- -- 37 2.6.3Modified Mercalli Scale -- -- -- -- -- 39 2.6.4 Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik Scale -- -- -- 40 2.6.5 European Macroseismic Scale -- -- -- 41 2.7 Earthquake Damage -- -- -- -- -- 44 2.8 Types of Earthquake Magnitude -- -- -- 50
CHAPTER THREE MATERIAL AND METHOD 3.1 Instrumentation -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.2 Earthquake Monitoring network in Nigeria -- 57 3.3 Monitoring Techniques -- -- -- -- 59 3.3.1 Seismic Method -- -- -- -- -- -- 60 3.3.1.1Seismic Reflection -- -- -- -- -- 60 3.3.2 Global positioning System (GPS) Method -- 61 3.3.3 Remote Sensing Method -- -- -- -- 63
CHAPTER FOUR EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION 4.1 Earthquake Prediction -- -- -- -- -- 65 4.2. Anomalous Animal Behavior -- -- -- -- 67 4.2.1 Radon Emissions -- -- -- -- -- -- 71 4.2.2 Trends -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 72 4.3. How Creep Fault can be used to Predict Earthquake 74 4.4. Drop/Rise in the Water level of a well and Earthquake Prediction -- -- -- 76 4.5. Abnormal Plant Behavior -- -- -- -- 78
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1. Summary -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 79 5.2. Conclusion -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 81 5.3. Recommendations -- -- -- -- -- 82 Reference LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Showing Earth Tremors in Nigeria. -- -- 18 Table 2. List of historical earthquake that occurred and tremors that were felt in Nigeria -- -- Tables 3. Shows Modified Mercalli scale intensities that are typically observed a location near the epicenter of the earthquake. -- 40 Table 4. Violent earthquakes often cause the structures to collapse, burying people underneath. -- 46
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APA
Umoh, J. (2026). EARTHQUAKE MONITORING AND SENSING IN NIGERIA. Afribary. Retrieved June 14, 2026, from http://library.afribary.com/works/earthquake-monitoring-and-sensing-in-nigeria
MLA
Umoh, Justin. "EARTHQUAKE MONITORING AND SENSING IN NIGERIA." Afribary, 6 Jun. 2026, http://library.afribary.com/works/earthquake-monitoring-and-sensing-in-nigeria. Accessed June 14, 2026.
Chicago
Umoh, Justin. "EARTHQUAKE MONITORING AND SENSING IN NIGERIA." Afribary (2026). Accessed June 14, 2026. http://library.afribary.com/works/earthquake-monitoring-and-sensing-in-nigeria