Determination of Antibacterial Activity of Whole Plant Extract of Phyllantltus Amarus Schum and Thonn (Kabamba Maliba) against Shigella Dysenteriae.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ i

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL ................................................................................................................................. iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................... , ................................................................... iv

LIST OFT ABLES ...................................................................................................................... vii

ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ....................................................................................... I

1.2 Statement of the pro b !em ...................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Justification for the study ...................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Research questions ............................................................................................................ 3

1.5.2 Specific objectives .......................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 4

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 4

2.5 Methods for antibacterial susceptibility ................................................................................ 8

2.6 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration .................................................................................... l 0

2. 7 Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ................................................................................. I 0

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 11

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 11

3.1 Study Design .. . . . .. .. . . .. ll

3.2 Study area ............................................................................................................................ ll

3.3 Plant collection and identification ....................................................................................... 11

3.4 Storage, drying and pulverization ....................................................................................... 11

3.5 Plant extraction .................................................................................................................... 12

3.6 Determination of extract yield(% yield) ............................................................................. 12

3.8 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) using Broth dilution method ·······································15

3.9 Determination of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) ........................................ 16

3.10 Quality control ................................................................................................................... 17

3.14 Data analysis ..................................................................................................................... 18

3.15 Ethical considerations ....................................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 19

4.0 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................ 19

4.1 The results for susceptibility test of Shigella dysenteriae to ethanol whole herb extract of Phyllanthus amarus ........................................... 19

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 23

5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................... 23

5.1 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 23

5.2 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 25

5.3 RECOMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................ 26

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 27

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 30

APPENDIX 1: TIME FRAMEWORK AND WORK PLAN ................................................. 30

APPENDIX 2 ............................................................................................................................... 31

Figure I: susceptablity testing agar well diffusion.( zones of inhibition) ................................. 3 I