Design and Implementation of a Micro Controller Based Traffic Light System for Road Intersection Control

ABSTRACT  The control of traffic at road junction, which was done purely by human effort, proves to be inefficient owing to the increasing rate  of both  motorists as well as the  complexity  of  road networks. This inadequacy brought about the use of discrete solid-state electronics up to the usage of a computer controlled microprocessor, but the intelligence of this method  was still limited   to   meet   the   demand   of   modern   age.   Thus,   the   needs   for   the   development   of   a microcontroller-based   traffic   light   control   system.   This   paper   explores   the   design   and8 implementation of a microcontroller-based traffic light system for road intersection control. The traffic   light   system   is   designed   using   Programmable   Integrated   Circuit   (PIC)   16F887 microcontroller,   power   section,  crystal  oscillator   and   light   emitting   diode  (LED).   Then,  for effective  traffic   control,   the   PIC   is   implemented   via   an   IC   programmer   using   a   mikro basic program   written   in   Basic   language.   The   developed   traffic   light   control   system   is   tested   by constructing a prototype that resembles the real application. The functionality of the prototype shows that the developed system can be used for a real life traffic control at road intersection.Besides, the developed system can be employed as a training kit in learning traffic light control system design and operation. Also, it can be used as a teaching aid in schools for various road users.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY…………………………………………..1 1.2        PROBLEM STATEMENT…………………………………………………...35 1.3       THE CURRENT SYSTEM OF TRAFFIC LIGHT…………………………..5 1.4       THE AIM OF THE PROJECT………………………………………………..8 1.5       THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY……………………….....................9 1.6        THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY…….....………………………......................91.7        PROJECT ORGANIZATION………………………………….....................91.8        DEFINITION OF TERMS………………………..........................................10CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1  TRAFFIC FLOW IN OUR ENVIRONMENT………………………..............122.2    EVOLUTION OF TRAFFIC LIGHT……………………….............................172.3  PRE-EMPTION AND PRIORITY……………………….................................182.4  SPECIAL PROVISION………………………..................................................192.5  TECHNOLOGY………………………..............................................................202.5.1  OPTICS AND LIGHTING………………………..............................................202.5.2  CONVECTIONAL LIGHTING SYSTEM………………………......................212.5.3  LIGHTING DESIGN……………………….......................................................212.5.4  TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT…………............................................222.6  CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION…………................................................222.7  BENEFITS OF TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL…………...................................232.8  CROSSROADS TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL….............................................242.9  TYPES OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS COMPONENTS AND OPERATORS……..242.10  MODE IN WHICH TRAFFIC LIGHT OPERATES…………………………...25CHAPTER THREE6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1  INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEM COMPONENTS OVERVIEW………263.1.1  THE MICROCONTROLLER………….............................................................273.1.1.1  THE MICROCONRTROLLER MEMORY…………......................................303.1.1.2   THE MICROCONTROLLER CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)…….313.1.2    LIGTH EMMITING DIODE (LED) …………...................................................313.1.3  RESISTOR………………………………………………………………………323.1.4  CAPACITOR…………........................................................................................343.1.5  IC SOCKET…………...........................................................................................353.1.6  CAPACITOR CERAMIC…………......................................................................363.1.8   TRANSISTOR…………........................................................................................363.1.8.1  TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH………….............................................................373.1.8    REGULATOR…………………………………………………………………….393.1.9  CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR…………......................................................................403.1.10  FERRO-BOARD AND WIERES………….............................................................413.2      THE ART WORK………….....................................................................................423.3         HARDWARE DESIGN CONSIDERATION………….........................................433.3.1      THE POWER SUPPLY UNIT…………........................................................443.3.2      THE SENSING UNIT………….....................................................................443.3.3      THE CONTROL UNIT…………...................................................................453.3.4      THE LED DISPLAY UNIT………….............................................................453.3.4.1   LIGHT INDICATOR STAGE……………………………………………….463.4    SOFTWARE DESIGN CONSIDERATION ………………………………….473.5         THE SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION…………………………………………477 3.6         DESIGN DETAILS………………………………………………………….48CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND TEST4.1     TESTING OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM………………………………….504.2     RESULTS FROM THE DESIGNED…………………………………………..514.3     TABLES FROM THE RESULTS……………………………………………524.4     OBSERVATION……………………………………………………………..53CHAPTER FIVECONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1   CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………545.2   RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………………………555.3   REFFRENCE……………………………………………………………………56