DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A TWO-DIGIT DIGITAL COUNTER

ABSTRACT In this work, we designed and constructed a digital counter circuit. The initial design criteria for the project were: to have a two digit output, to have the circuit count from 0-99, to include either a 555 timer or manual counter. Research was conducted into similar analogue electronic circuits and a suitable point of a digital die was identified. The digital counter circuit was designed using BCD 4506 binary counters and 7-segment display outputs. The circuit was modeled using proteus, which showed that the concept used in the design was okay. The circuit was then implemented and tested on a bread board before transferring it to a mother board. There are two modes of operation of the circuit: through manual switch which increments on its push, and through a 555 clock which increments automatically. In the end we were able to design and construct a two-digit, digital counter that was able to count between 0-99 using a 4026IC, shadow sensor and a 555 timer. The input clock pulses were from shadow sensors. We also discovered that the counter could be used to count many real world events; in different sectors.
TABLE OF CONTENT  Title pagei Certificationii Dedicationiii Acknowledgementiv Abstractv Table of contentvi List of tablesix List of figuresx
CHAPTER ONE  Introduction        1 1.1 Types of circuit2 1.2 Purpose of design 4 1.3 Scope of the study  5
CHAPTER TWO       Literature Review6 2.1 Electron counters6 2.1.1 Asynchronous (RIPPLE) Counter8 2.1.2 Synchronous Counter11 2.1.3 Decade counter13 2.1.4 Ring Counter14 2.1.5 Johnson Counter16 2.2 Computer Science Counters17 2.3 Web counter18 2.4 Computer based counters19 2.5 Mechanical Counters19 2.6 Microcontrollers                                   21   CHAPTER THREE  Design and construction of a two digit digital counter      24 3.1 Design Work24 3.1.1 Circuit Description35 3.1.2 Software Design36 3.2 Working Principle39 3.3 Working of the Circuit                                                 41 3.3 The Construction Work42
CHAPTER FOUR  Tests and Application45 4.1 Test                                                                            45 4.2 Applications46
CHAPTER FIVE  Discussion, Suggestion For Further Research  And Conclusion49 5.1 Discussion49 5.2 Suggestions for Further Research51 5.3 Conclusion52  REFERENCES54