Copper and Iron Distribution in Soil Profiles and Some Selected Vegetables of Saje and Sango Dump Sites

The current study was designed for determination of copper and iron and some physicochemical properties of soils collected from two selected dumpsites (Saje and Sango) in Ogun State, Nigeria by digging two depths of about 125cm. Samples were taken at different depth intervals of 25cm (i.e 0-25, 25-50, 50-75, 75-100 and 100-125cm). The soil were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as Organic carbon, Organic matter, Soil pH, Electrical conductivity, Particle size, Cation Exhangeable Capacity, Available Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen and concentration of Copper and Iron using standard analytical methods. The Soil mean pH varied as 6.4±0.20, 6.4±0.50 and 5.9±0.35 in control, Saje and Sango dumpsites respectively. Total nitrogen (TN) content of the dump soils ranged from 0.102±0.05 to 0.209±0.01mg/kg. Soil organic matter ranged from 0.07 ±0.00 to 9.39 ±2.87%. Available P ranged from 22.02±1.01 to 33.3±1.78 mg/kg. ECEC levels were ranged from 263.21±23.06 to 491.06±27.86 cmol/kg. All the soil samples had exchangeable Ca, K, Mg and Na, far above the critical levels 4.0, 0.2, 1.5 and 0.5mg/kg respectively set by FAO for agricultural soil. Mean concentration of Cu ranged from 0.33 to 11.01±0.23 mg/kg and 0.43±0.17 to 5.16±6.42 in Sango and Saje dumpsites respectively and 0.41±0.21 to 0.98±0.07 mg/kg in the control. Mean concentration of Fe ranged between 18.1±11.17 to 308.0±186.68 in soil profile of both dumpsites. These values are all fall within the tolerable levels set by FAO and WHO for agricultural soil. It is suggested that the dumpsites and the control area with their adequate soil nutrients and low levels of metals should eventually be converted to agricultural farmland.

Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE1.0    Introduction1.1       Justification1.2       Aims and objectives
CHAPTER TWO2.0 Literature review2.1 Heavy metals2.2 Effects of Municipal Solid Waste on the Environment52.3 Heavy Metals and Their Effect on Human Health2.4 Routes of heavy metal exposure 2.5 Dangerous health effects of heavy metals  2.6 Heavy metals in vegetables2.7 Heavy metals in soil2.8 Selected heavy metals2.8.1 Copper2.8.2 Copper toxicity in soil2.8.3 Copper phytotoxicity2.8.4 Iron2.8.5 Iron toxicity in soil2.8.6 Iron Phytotoxicity
CHAPTER THREE3.0 Materials and methods3.1 Soil and plant sampling3.1.1 Collection of sample3.1.2 Preparation of samples3.2 Physical and chemical properties determination3.2.1 Determination of soil pH3.2.2 Determination of Organic Carbon3.2.3 Electrical conductivity determination3.2.4 Determination of total nitrogen3.2.5 Determination of available phosphorus3.2.6 Determination of exchangeable bases 3.2.7 Bulk particle size determination3.2.6 Determination of exchangeable bases 3.3 Metal analysis 3.3.1 Sample digestion3.4 Determination of heavy metals Cu and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 
CHAPTER FOUR4.0       Result and Discussion4.1       Result4.2       DiscussionCHAPTER FIVE5.0       Conclusion and Recommendation5.1       Conclusion5.2       Recommendation      REFERENCES