CHARACTERISTICS OF POLLUTED SANDS A CASE STUDY IN NIGER DELTA (REVIEW)

ABSTRACT
This study is aimed at using the characteristics of polluted soil to delineate different soil layers and deduce ways of providing remediation to the problems generated as a result of soil pollution using Electrical Resistivity Method.
An inversion of the measured apparent resistivity values using a computer program was carried out to determine the true subsurface resistivity. This method was used to estimate the lateral and vertical extend to which a particular soil has been contaminated by oil or hydrocarbon. In the analysis of the horizontal extent of contamination, the horizontal resistivity profiling (HRP) was applied while in the vertical extent, the vertical electrical sounding (VES) was applied. Sandy soil polluted by crude oil indicated increases in resistivity with increase in percentages of pollution resulting probably from their individual density which makes it difficult to penetrate through the sand molecules despite the soil’s porosity. Silty soil showed increase in resistivity with increasing percentage of pollution for all the pollutants and polluted clay soil indicated total increment in resistivity with increasing percentage pollution for all the pollutants, probably because of its high permeability and low porosity from the results.  


CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study…………………………………………………………1
1.2 Aim of study………………………………………………………………………2
1.3 Problems of study……………………………………………………………….2
1.4 Significance of study…………………………………………………………2
1.5 Location and  Geology of the study area………………………….3-5
1.6 Definition of Terms………………………………………………………….5-11

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW           
2.1 Related works……………………………………………………………………12-17
2.2 Theory of electrical resistivity method…………………………….17-19

CHAPTER THREE 
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials……………………………………………………………………….20-22
3.2 Methods………………………………………………………………………..22
3.3 Procedure……………………………………………………………………..22-23


CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Resistivity of sand and polluted sandy soil……………….24-25   4.2 Resistivity of silt and polluted silty soil……………………..25
4.3 Resistivity of clayey and polluted clayey soil…………….25-26
4.4 Remediation methods…………………………………………………26-28
4.5 Characterization of the Contaminated Zone……………..28
CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion       …………………………………………………………………….29 References